What does "principal" refer to in a loan context?

In the context of a loan, "principal" refers to the original amount loaned that can earn interest. This principal is the sum you initially borrow from a lender and is distinct from any interest charged for borrowing that amount. Understanding the principal is essential because it forms the basis for calculating how much interest will be accrued over the life of the loan.

The total amount repaid over time includes not just the principal but also any interest that has accumulated, so this option does not accurately define "principal." Similarly, the interest rate charged on the loan pertains to the cost of borrowing and is expressed as a percentage of the principal; hence, it does not represent the principal itself. Lastly, the total cost of the loan reflects both the principal and the interest payments made over time, which again diverges from the singular definition of the principal.